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Science fiction and fantasy in Poland dates to the late 18th century. During the later years of the People's Republic of Poland, social science fiction was a very popular genre of science fiction. Afterwards, many others gained prominence. Currently there are many . Internationally, the best known Polish science fiction writer is Stanisław Lem. As elsewhere, Polish science fiction is closely related to the genres of fantasy, horror and others. Although many English language writers have been translated into Polish, relatively little Polish language science fiction (or fantasy) has been translated into English. == History == Science fiction in Poland started in the late 18th century during the Polish Enlightenment, when Michał Dymitr Krajewski wrote a novel about the adventures of a Pole on the Moon. In the mid-19th century, during the age of romanticism in Poland, Adam Mickiewicz, reckoned by many to be Poland's top poet, also worked on a Verne-like science fiction novel ''A History of the Future'', but never published it (only a few fragments remain). Later in the same century, the period of positivism in Poland saw several writers explore themes similar to Verne and H.G. Wells, among them Władysław Umiński, Włodzimierz Zagórski and Sygurd Wiśniowski. However, perhaps the most famous Polish writer of the time, Bolesław Prus, used science fiction elements in his mainstream fiction. For example, his novel ''Lalka'' includes a "mad scientist" as well as a "lighter-than-air" metal. Similar themes are seen in the works of Prus's colleague, Stefan Żeromski, with his 'houses of glass' in ''Przedwiośnie'', and his death rays in ''Róża''. In the early 20th century Jerzy Żuławski was probably the most popular Polish science fiction author, with his Lunar Trilogy (''Trylogia księżycowa''), a masterpiece for its time and place of composition. Similar works were created by Tadeusz Konczyński, Wacław Gąsiorowski and Maria Julia Zaleska. In the reborn Second Polish Republic other writers followed in this genre. Edmund Kruger and Kazimierz Andrzej Czyżowski were known for his many books addressed to the younger audience; Bruno Winawer for his satirical take and Jerzy Rychliński and Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski for their catastrophic vision of future war. Finally, Antoni Słonimski's ''Dwa końce świata'' ''(Two Ends of the World)'' is perhaps the best known dystopian work of the time. After World War II, in the first decade of the People's Republic of Poland, science fiction was used as a propaganda tool by the communist regime, with its main purpose being to show the "bright future" of communism. Only after Joseph Stalin's death were Polish writers to gain more leeway and start questioning the reality around them, albeit always struggling against censorship. At that time the undisputed leader of Polish science fiction was Stanisław Lem, who first questioned the regime's actions in his ''Memoirs Found in a Bathtub''. He was followed by Janusz A. Zajdel, Konrad Fiałkowski and Czesław Chruszczewski, and from the mid-70s for a short period by the acclaimed writings of Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg. In the late 1970s the genre called "sociological fantasy" (''fantastyka socjologiczna'') arose in the People's Republic of Poland; this is seen as a Polish subgenre of social science fiction. It focuses on the development of societies dominated by totalitarian governments. The genre is dominated by Janusz A. Zajdel (''Limes Inferior'', ''Paradyzja''), Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński (''Apostezjon'' trilogy), Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg and Marek Oramus. Some works by Stanisław Lem can also be classified within this genre. The fantastical settings of books of this genre were usually only a pretext for analysing the structure of Polish society, and were always full of allusions to reality. After the revolutions of 1989, when the use of real world examples in fiction became safe in former Eastern Bloc countries, the genre largely transformed itself into political fiction, represented by writers such as Rafał A. Ziemkiewicz, although an echo is visible in the 1990s dystopia/hard sf duology by Tomasz Kołodziejczak. Polish fantasy began to appear in the late 1980s; however it was not until the first publications by Andrzej Sapkowski (The Witcher saga) and Feliks W. Kres (the world of Szerer) in the late 1980s/early 1990s that Poland acquired its first true 'fantasy' writers. Another fantasy series of that time was authored by Konrad Lewandowski. The 1980s were also the time Polish comics dealing with fantasy and science fiction were released, such as 'The Witcher' comic book, and the science fiction series ''Funky Koval''. In the 1990s there was an explosion of translations, primarily from the Western (English language) literature. The major Polish publishing house specializing in Polish science fiction and fantasy literature was SuperNOWA.〔Jacek Dukaj, ''Krajobraz po zwycięstwe czyli polska fantastyka ad 2006'', Nowa Fantastyska, 1/2007 (292), p. 11–16〕 The scene was transformed around and after 2002, with SuperNOWA losing its dominant position, and many new Polish writers, the "2002 generation", appearing.〔 An increasing number of translations from non-English speaking countries (Russian, Ukrainian, Czech) has been noticeable as well. Currently, much of Polish science fiction and fantasy resembles that familiar to English-language writers. There are many as well as in Poland, and their works vary from alternate histories to hard science fiction. The best internationally-known Polish science fiction writer is undoubtedly Stanisław Lem, although many others can be considered world-class,〔(Myths, Legends, Fantasy... An Overview of Polish Science Fiction & Fantasy ), British Council〕 with their books being translated into many (mostly European) languages. Relatively little Polish language science fiction and fantasy has been translated into English, even though countless English language writers have been translated into Polish. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Science fiction and fantasy in Poland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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